Topic 1: The Role of Private Military Companies (PMCs) in Global Conflicts

The growing reliance on Private Military Companies (PMCs) in modern conflicts raises critical questions about accountability, regulation, and their impact on human rights. This topic will explore the legal status of PMCs under international law, examine their influence on conflict outcomes, and propose guidelines for their conduct and oversight. Delegates will consider whether PMCs should be treated as legitimate participants in international conflicts, how their actions affect state sovereignty, and what measures the international community can adopt to regulate their operations and ensure accountability.

Topic 2: The Proliferation of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS)

The rapid development of AI and robotics has paved the way for Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS), capable of selecting and engaging targets without human intervention. While these systems offer advantages in modern warfare, their deployment raises ethical concerns and legal challenges. This topic will focus on the potential risks and benefits of AWS, exploring global efforts to establish treaties and regulations that govern their use. Delegates will need to address whether AWS should be globally banned, how international laws can ensure accountability, and what specific measures should be adopted to control their development and usage.

Topic 1: Financing Sustainable/Green Development

While the global push toward sustainable development has gained momentum, many countries, especially low-income nations, still face significant financial hurdles. The transition to green economies demands substantial investments in renewable energy, sustainable infrastructure, and environmentally friendly industries. However, financial barriers such as economic inequality, high debt levels, and insufficient access to green financing continue to slow progress. This committee will focus on identifying strategies to bridge the financing gap for sustainable development. Discussions will explore innovative financial tools, including green bonds, climate funds, and partnerships between public and private sectors. The role of international organizations like the IMF and World Bank will be key in providing both financial resources and expertise. Committee debate will explore topics like how nations fund sustainable initiatives without deepening debt. How do we balance economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being?

Topic 2: European Sovereign Debt Crisis

The European Union has faced recurring challenges with sovereign debt, particularly highlighted during the 2008 financial crisis and its aftermath. Several EU member states struggled to manage high levels of public debt, which led to economic instability and necessitated bailouts from international organizations. Although efforts have been made to strengthen fiscal policies and improve financial oversight, the risk of future debt crises remains, especially as countries continue to face economic disruptions from global events like the COVID-19 pandemic and inflationary pressures. Committee discussions will revolve around understanding the causes of these crises to the aftermath and consequences. This committee will also explore the role of financial institutions—both public and private—in mitigation and fiscal responsibility. Core questions include: what is the balance between regulation and hindrance of innovation? How can we balance economic recovery with long-term debt sustainability?

Topic 1: Exploitation of Natural Resources by Multinational Corporations

The exploitation of natural resources by multinational corporations has raised significant concerns about economic sovereignty, environmental sustainability, and human rights. In developing regions, these practices often lead to environmental degradation, displacement of local communities, and minimal benefit to local economies, fueling tensions between governments and corporations. This committee will explore regulatory frameworks, ethical business practices, and international cooperation to ensure that resource extraction benefits all stakeholders while protecting the environment and respecting indigenous and local rights. How do we balance finding equitable solutions with economic growth with sustainable and responsible resource management?

Topic 2: Space Colonization 

As space exploration advances, the potential for resource extraction and settlement beyond Earth has sparked debates about the ownership and governance of extraterrestrial territories. Nations and private corporations are competing for control over valuable resources, raising concerns about unequal access, the militarization of space, and the ethical implications of space colonization. This committee will address the pressing need for international agreements that regulate space activities, ensure the peaceful use of outer space, and prevent a new era of colonialism that could deepen global inequalities. Delegates will be challenged to craft policies that foster cooperation, sustainability, and fairness in the future of space exploration.

Topic 1: Expanding Equitable Access to the Internet

Most of us have taken reliable access to the internet for granted, but as much as one-third of the global population, more than two billion people, remain unconnected. Most of them are in developing regions, where the digital divide continues to widen, limiting opportunities for education, healthcare, economic development, and social inclusion. Internet access is now recognized as a basic necessity, influencing everything from individual well-being to national development. The lack of connectivity not only restricts economic growth but also hinders sustainable development and exacerbates existing social inequalities. Emerging technologies such as 5G and Starlink may help expand equitable broadband access, but the global community must develop the necessary guidelines to make this happen and prevent geopolitical tensions from affecting beneficial innovation. This committee will explore strategies to provide equitable, reliable, and affordable internet access, focusing on technological infrastructure, policy measures, and international cooperation. How can we support digital literacy, reduce the costs of connectivity, and create a more inclusive digital environment for all? 

Topic 2: Harnessing Nuclear Energy for the 21st Century

As countries seek to meet rising energy demands and ambitious climate goals, nuclear energy is increasingly viewed as a potential solution for sustainable energy production. With its ability to generate large amounts of low-carbon energy, nuclear power could play a critical role in transitioning away from fossil fuels and achieving net-zero emissions. Recent advances in nuclear technology, such as small modular reactors (SMR), seem promising. However, despite its benefits, nuclear energy remains controversial due to safety concerns, waste management issues, and high costs. Developing nations, in particular, face unique challenges in integrating nuclear energy into their grids due to technological barriers and regulatory hurdles. This committee will explore the potential for nuclear energy in the 21st century, considering advancements in technology like small modular reactors, as well as the role of international collaboration in ensuring safe, secure, and sustainable nuclear power development. How can countries balance energy security, environmental protection, and economic viability when considering nuclear energy solutions?

Topic 1: Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Technologies Policy

As cryptocurrencies continue to disrupt traditional financial systems, governments and central banks around the world are grappling with how to regulate them. In 2024, the global cryptocurrency market cap reached $2.4 trillion in 2024. Blockchain technology offers innovation, primarily decentralization, which can bypass traditional financial intermediaries like banks and payment processors. One benefit of these peer-to-peer systems is that it can reduce transaction costs and increase financial inclusion for the unbanked population. But it also presents challenges like market volatility, security risks, and the potential for criminal misuse. This committee will explore how the EU and global policymakers can create a regulatory framework that fosters innovation while addressing risks. Should cryptocurrencies be viewed as a threat to economic stability or as tools for empowerment?

Topic 2: Government Surveillance and the Privacy of Individual Data

With growing concerns about privacy in the digital age, the balance between government surveillance for security and protecting individual freedoms has never been more critical. By 2021, the government was targeting the communications of 232,432 individuals, groups, and organizations under Section 702 of the NSA’s Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, up from 89,138 targets in 2013. From preventing cyber threats to monitoring financial transactions, governments are increasingly relying on data collection. However, where should the line be drawn to safeguard personal privacy? What international agreements or norms are needed to govern cross-border surveillance and data sharing between governments? This committee will discuss the role of surveillance, the limits of governmental power, and how policies can protect civil liberties while maintaining security.

Topic 1:  Reducing Food Insecurity in the European Union

Although the European Union is one of the wealthiest regions in the world, food insecurity continues to affect millions of citizens every day, particularly those in low-income communities. Factors such as economic inequality, climate change, and disruptions in global food supply chains have intensified this issue, leaving many without consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. This committee will explore strategies to address these challenges by strengthening local food systems, supporting sustainable agricultural practices, and improving food distribution across member states. How can the EU improve food distribution and access for vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and those in rural areas? What policies can help reduce food waste and ensure food security? How can sustainable farming and local food systems play a role in addressing food insecurity? By addressing these concerns, delegates will work toward building a more equitable, resilient, and sustainable food system across the European Union.

Topic 2: Promoting Gender Equality in European Politics

Despite advancements in gender equality, women remain significantly underrepresented in political leadership positions throughout the European Union. On average across the EU, women account for only 33% of members of national parliaments, 33% of senior ministers in Member State governments, and only 5 Member States have a woman prime minister. This lack of representation limits diverse perspectives in decision-making and hinders progress on critical issues affecting society. This committee will dive into the systemic barriers that prevent women from entering and thriving in politics, including cultural biases, institutional challenges, and the absence of supportive networks such as mentorship programs and accessible childcare options. What measures can the EU implement to encourage more women to run for political office? How can member states work together to promote gender parity in government positions? What role can education and mentorship play in supporting female political leaders? The committee aims to develop actionable policies that not only increase female representation in political bodies but also foster a culture of equality and inclusivity in political discourse. By addressing these issues, the committee seeks to create practical solutions that advance gender equality in European politics, ensuring that leadership and decision-making bodies better represent the diverse populations of the EU.

Topic 1 : Declaration of Independence and the Spanish Response

In the wake of Catalonia’s unilateral declaration of independence following a referendum, Spain is plunged into a political crisis. The Spanish government is faced with the monumental decision of how to maintain national unity without inciting further unrest. With tensions at an all-time high, the central government in Madrid must choose between military intervention and political negotiation to preserve Spain’s constitutional integrity. Meanwhile, Catalonian leaders are faced with the challenge of maintaining support for independence while avoiding violent escalation. This committee will grapple with how to address the immediate crisis while considering the long-term consequences for Spain and Catalonia.

Delegates will debate the legitimacy of Catalonia’s bid for independence and the appropriate response from Madrid. They must also weigh the role of international organizations, such as the European Union, and potential foreign involvement in mediating the crisis. Should Spain engage in a political compromise with Catalonia, or will force be necessary to restore order? How can both sides prevent further instability and maintain economic stability during this period of political upheaval? This committee must work quickly to avert a larger national crisis while balancing the demands of democracy, self-determination, and state unity.

Topic 2: International Recognition and Geopolitical Implications

As Catalonia’s newly declared independence reverberates across Europe and the world, the international community is divided. Some nations and organizations, fearing the precedent of secessionist movements, refuse to recognize Catalonia as an independent state. Others, seeking to weaken Spain or further their own geopolitical interests, consider recognizing the new republic. The European Union faces a dilemma: should it intervene to preserve Spanish unity, or respect Catalonia’s right to self-determination? Meanwhile, non-EU powers, such as Russia and the United States, may seek to exploit the situation to destabilize Europe or expand their influence in the region.

This committee will explore the international dimensions of Catalonia’s bid for independence, from the diplomatic recognition of the new state to the broader geopolitical consequences for the European Union and beyond. Delegates will debate whether Catalonia should be recognized by foreign governments and how its independence might affect other secessionist movements around the world. Can Catalonia gain a foothold in international politics, and what will the consequences be for global stability? Delegates will need to craft innovative solutions to the complex web of international diplomacy while managing the ongoing economic and political fallout.

Topic 1: Reform or Repression? Balancing Revolutionary Ideals and Governance

It is March 28, 1871, and the newly elected Council of the Commune is meeting for the first time to determine the direction of the recently formed Paris Commune in the wake of a crushing defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Yet, while united in their opposition to Adolphe Thiers’  conservative Third Republic, the council remains divided on their vision for the realization of the revolutionary government – some factions push for immediate and sweeping social reforms eliminating existing hierarchies while others tend to more concentrated political power. Leading a poverty-ridden and unstable city in the aftermath of war, the Commune, therefore, faces a crucial dilemma: how can it transform Paris with meaningful social reforms while creating a functional and sustainable governance structure? Delegates must consider how these visions for the future can be reconciled to shape the direction of the Commune’s governance, ensuring that reforms go beyond symbolic gestures and lead to lasting change.

Topic 2: Managing External Threats: Defending the Revolution

As the revolutionary government solidifies its power in Paris, the Commune faces a critical external threat from Adolphe Thiers’ French government, which is gathering troops in Versailles to crush the uprising. With the National Guard serving as Paris’ primary defense, the Council must decide how best to secure the city. Even if they repel the Third Republic’s forces, the Commune may still face another danger – Prussia, which could intervene to suppress the socialist movement. Delegates must, therefore, reckon with the strategic decisions necessary for the Commune’s survival: Should they launch an attack on Versailles or focus on reinforcing Paris’ defenses? Can they forge alliances with other French communes to expand the revolution? Should they pursue negotiation and diplomacy to secure peace? Faced with overwhelming external forces, the Commune must develop a strategy to ensure its revolution lasts and is not crushed under the weight of well-armed adversaries.

Topic 1: The Militarization of Outer Space

Outer space has always sparked human curiosity, but now, it’s at the center of a pivotal global debate. The militarization of space raises high-stakes questions about balancing cutting-edge technologies with international security. This committee will dive deep into the legal, ethical, and strategic tensions surrounding space warfare. Our focus will be on examining the current state of space militarization, including the development of anti-satellite weapons, space-based missile systems, and the potential for orbital warfare. Against a backdrop of intensifying geopolitical rivalries, potential cyberattacks for important satellite data, and the rapid commercialization of space, we’ll explore the implications for global stability and the future of space exploration. With more nations and private entities gaining access to space, the risk of conflict and the need for robust international frameworks have never been more pressing. Our goals for this committee include developing comprehensive strategies to prevent an arms race in space, establishing clear guidelines for the responsible use of military space technologies, and exploring innovative approaches to space security that prioritize cooperation over confrontation. By engaging in this debate, delegates will develop the knowledge and critical thinking skills necessary to address one of the most significant challenges facing the international community in the 21st century.

Topic 2: Space Mining and Space Debris Management 

Space mining and debris management represent two interconnected challenges that will shape the future of human activities in outer space. This topic is significant because it addresses both the potential for resource exploitation beyond Earth and the critical need to maintain a sustainable space environment. Our focus will be on exploring the economic, environmental, and legal aspects of space mining, as well as developing effective strategies for managing and mitigating space debris. Delegates will be tasked with balancing the exciting prospects of extraterrestrial resource extraction with the imperative to preserve the orbital environment for future generations. Throughout committee, participants will gain a comprehensive understanding of the technical, economic, and ethical considerations surrounding these emerging fields. The committee's goals include developing a framework for sustainable space mining practices that respect international law and promote equitable benefit-sharing. Additionally, delegates will formulate innovative solutions for debris removal and prevention, considering both technological and policy approaches. By engaging with these topics, delegates will be at the forefront of shaping policies that could determine humanity's long-term presence in space.

Topic 1: Heathcliff & Hindley

Heathcliff was taken in from the streets of Liverpool by Hindley Earnshaw’s father. While Heathcliff’s ethnic background has not been confirmed, he is known to possess dark hair, dark eyes, and a dark skin complexion. Mr. Earnshaw affectionately cared for Heathcliff, as if he were his own son. Unfortunately, after Mr. Earnshaw’s death, the envious Hindley began to inflict significant abuse on Heathcliff. He has forced Heathcliff to undergo harsh servitude, which includes working long hours in the fields surrounding the Wuthering Heights manor. There is reasonable concern that Hindley’s behavior qualifies as racial or ethnic discrimination. This committee is tasked with determining the most appropriate course of action for addressing Hindley’s assault on Heathcliff. What, if any, punitive measures should be taken against Hindley? What role should observers, such as Hindley’s sister, Catherine Earnshaw, take in resolving this conflict? Delegates should aim to create conditions that go beyond a temporary resolution, and ensure lasting peace among the Earnshaw family.

Topic 2: Hostage Crisis

Mr. Heathcliff is holding a young girl, Cathy Linton, and her nanny, Nelly Dean, hostage in the Wuthering Heights manor. His motivations include a desire to force Cathy to marry his son, Linton Heathcliff. It is rumored that he wants to use this marriage to obtain legal jurisdiction over Thrushcross Grange, the estate owned by Cathy’s father. Mr. Heathcliff has verbally threatened to use physical force against the hostages, if they do not comply with his wishes. It is up to this committee to decide the most appropriate course of action for rescuing Cathy and Nelly from Mr. Heathcliff’s estate. Delegates should aim to remove the hostages from this dangerous situation without destabilizing conditions in the English moors that surround the Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange estates.